The idea of establishing a Weapons of Mass Destruction or Nuclear Weapon Free Zone in the Middle East is not new; it dates back to 1970s. However, the security landscape of the Middle East today has compelled most analysts to look at the idea and the concept anew. This paper briefly explains the legal framework of general and complete nuclear disarmament, historical obstacles, and new hopes inspired by the new US president's approach to disarmament, and the pioneer role that the United States and Russia should play for the elimination of nuclear weapons. The paper suggests that establishment of a nuclear weapon free zone is not only a constructive step in promoting nonproliferation, but also a measure, which if taken collectively, will create such political conditions in the world as a result of which nuclear-weapon states will find the idea of a world free from nuclear weapons plausible.

According to 1907 Hague Regulations, the right of belligerents to adopt weapons and methods of warfare is not unlimited. All States have obligations to ban or restrict certain weapons under International Agreements and International Customary Law. The reality of everyday developments in military and weapons technology led the founders of the 1977 Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions (1944) to designate an Article with the purpose of obliging member States into legal assessment of their new weapons. Hence, Article 36 of Additional Protocol I (1977) of the Geneva Conventions (1944) indicates that States must determine whether new weapons, means or methods of warfare they intend to study, develop, acquire or adopt comply with the rules of International Law applicable to them. However, the practical aspects of the said review mechanism are not clear. As a result, to this date only six States have attempted to apply Article 36. Examining the practice of the aforementioned countries will help other States to fulfill their obligation of legal review of their modern weapons.

Encyclopedia of new religious movements edited by Peter B. Clarke provides a truly engaging and authentic view of the emerging religious movements on a background of the universe. This encyclopedia, containing 428 articles from leading academics, studies the remarkable examples of religious movements emerging in each continent. Clarke as an editor has written a higher income as "New Religions as a global phenomenon", a "Resource guide of NRM" and a useful article entitled "Typology of new religions" in this encyclopedia. This encyclopedia is a leading, research, updating, important, and valuable reference for academic libraries. However, the encyclopedia suffers from some disadvantages, among which we can refer to apparent contradictions in Index, the incidence of historical errors, print, etc., in its context and putting NRM identified with the Cults, sects, and counter-culture groups

The advancement of military science and technology and the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in modern and autonomous weapons with the aim of carrying out combat missions without human intervention is a subject that has attracted the attention of most states and armies of the world. According to the rules and regulations of the law of armed conflicts (LOAC), the right of belligerent parties to develop and apply any kind of tools and weapons is not unlimited. Today, the use of new tools and weapons equipped with AI has caused many legal concerns and has made the implementation of the rules and principles governing armed conflicts ambiguous. This article by using the analytical and descriptive method, seeks to answer these questions that with the development and application of AI in autonomous weapons and the transfer of decision-making from humans to AI, compliance with the principles of humanitarian rights what challenges will it face? And who is responsible for violating the principles of humanitarian law? The results of this research show that despite the opportunities and features that artificial intelligence have in recognition military targets and improving the accuracy of weapons and can reduce human casualties, but there is an urgent need for a The new legal framework for the regulation of robotics and intelligent weapons is felt, so it seems that even with the use of AI in new and autonomous weapons, such weapons will not be able to comply with the principles of the law of armed conflicts.

Background: Quinacrine (QC), an attractive anticancer drug, has been forwarded for clinical evaluation in various cancer types due to its tremendous safety data accumulated since World War II. Its shotgun nature makes it unmissable as a chemotherapy drug that traps and activates multiple pathways. Results: Recently, QC has been shown to block malignancy by affecting pathways, including RHO signaling, G1/S arrest, ROS emission, and cell death through autophagy. In this review, we have extensively studied QC as an anticancer agent that affects various signaling pathways. We have documented activity via WNT, NOTCH, HEDGEHOG, MAPK, EGFR, P53, RHO, AKT, NF-k and TGF pathways and reformed the already established mode of action of QC. Conclusion: QC’, s effects on multiple key signaling pathways, implicated in the malignant progression of numerous cancer types, make it an exciting candidate as a chemotherapeutic agent for new combination treatments and therapies.